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2025中考書(shū)面表達寫(xiě)作指導:定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法
在平凡的學(xué)習、工作、生活中,大家都跟作文打過(guò)交道吧,借助作文人們可以反映客觀(guān)事物、表達思想感情、傳遞知識信息。相信很多朋友都對寫(xiě)作文感到非?鄲腊,下面是小編為大家整理的2025中考書(shū)面表達寫(xiě)作指導:定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法,僅供參考,希望能夠幫助到大家。
中考書(shū)面表達寫(xiě)作指導:定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法 1
一、定語(yǔ)從句概念
定語(yǔ)從句(attributive clause),顧名思義,就是一個(gè)句子作定語(yǔ)從屬于主句。定語(yǔ)一般是由形容詞充當,所以定語(yǔ)從句又稱(chēng)作形容詞從句。另外,定語(yǔ)從句是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導的,故又稱(chēng)作關(guān)系從句。
定語(yǔ)從句一般放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞之后,這種名詞或代詞被稱(chēng)作先行詞。請看示例:
The woman who lives next door is a teacher.
先行詞 定語(yǔ)從句
在所有的從句中,算定語(yǔ)從句最難掌握,因為漢語(yǔ)里沒(méi)有定語(yǔ)從句,漢語(yǔ)里只有定語(yǔ),而且總是放在名詞之前來(lái)修飾名詞。
二、關(guān)系代詞引導的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞代替前面的先行詞,并且在定語(yǔ)從句中充當句子成分,可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。常見(jiàn)的關(guān)系代詞有:who, that, which。它們的主格、賓格和所有格如下表所示:
格
先行詞 主格 賓格 所有格
人 who whom whose
物 which which whose of which
人、物 that that —
(一)關(guān)系代詞who, whom和 whose的用法
who代替人,是主格,在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。例如:
An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑師是設計房屋的人。
I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school. 我將永遠不會(huì )忘記在高一時(shí)教我們化學(xué)的那位老師。
Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想應聘這個(gè)職位的任何人都必須先通過(guò)電子郵件向我們發(fā)送簡(jiǎn)歷。
whom代替人,是賓格,在定語(yǔ)從句作賓語(yǔ),在非正式英語(yǔ)?墒÷。例如:
Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我們在學(xué)校圖書(shū)館里遇到的那位先生你認識嗎?
This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago. 這是我爸爸十年前教的學(xué)生。
The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我見(jiàn)到的那個(gè)女孩名叫瑪麗。(在非正式英語(yǔ)中,主格who代替了賓格whom,亦可省略)
whose一般代替人,有時(shí)亦可代替物,是所有格,在定語(yǔ)從句作定語(yǔ)。例如:
The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高級工程師的那個(gè)女學(xué)生過(guò)去在國外留學(xué)。
Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我們這兒能看到窗戶(hù)的那個(gè)賓館叫什么名字,你知道嗎?(關(guān)系代詞whose指代先行詞hotel,正式用法應該用of which。whose window=the window of which,意思 是:the window of the hotel。)
(二)關(guān)系代詞which的用法
which代替物,在定語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)還可省略。例如:
I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.
我不喜歡有不幸結局的小說(shuō)。(which可以換成that)
Tom works for a factory which makes watches.
湯姆在一個(gè)制表廠(chǎng)工作。(which可以換成that)
(三)關(guān)系代詞that的用法
that既可指人又可指物,在當代英語(yǔ)中大多指物,在定語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)還可省略。例如:
Is she the girl that sells newspapers?
她是賣(mài)報紙的那個(gè)女孩嗎?(that可以換成who)
Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?
放在冰箱的冰激凌哪兒去了?(that可以換成which)
Is this the book that you want to buy?
這是你要買(mǎi)的那本書(shū)嗎? (that可以換成which,在定語(yǔ)從句作賓語(yǔ),還可以省略)
三、關(guān)系副詞引導的定語(yǔ)從句
常用的關(guān)系副詞只有三個(gè):when, where, why,在定語(yǔ)從句中充當時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因狀語(yǔ)。它們的用法大家不妨記住一個(gè)口訣:
the time when
the place where
the reason why
(一)關(guān)系副詞when的用法
關(guān)系副詞when代替的先行詞表示的是時(shí)間,when在定語(yǔ)從句作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如:
In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.
北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。(when先行詞是months)
Do you remember the day when we first went to the Summer Palace?
你還記得我們第一次去頤和園的那一天嗎?(when先行詞是day, 當代英語(yǔ)里when可以用that替代,這時(shí)關(guān)系代詞that就變成了表示時(shí)間的關(guān)系副詞)
I haven’t seen her since the year when I left Tokyo.
自從我離開(kāi)東京的那一年我就一直沒(méi)見(jiàn)到過(guò)她。(when先行詞是year,同樣when可以用that代替)
(二)關(guān)系副詞where的用法
關(guān)系副詞where代替的先行詞表示的是地點(diǎn),where在定語(yǔ)從句作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。例如:
During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up.
春節期間,我回到了生我養我的家鄉。(where的先行詞是town)
This is the place where Li Bai once lived.
這是李白曾經(jīng)生活過(guò)的地方。(where先行詞是place)
上面這個(gè)句子不可以將where改為that,因為that不能作為表示地點(diǎn)的關(guān)系副詞。試比較下句:
This is the place that Li Bai once visited.
這是李白曾經(jīng)游覽過(guò)的地方。(that的先行詞同樣是place,但這個(gè)that是關(guān)系代詞,在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),可以省略,還可以用which替換)
(三)關(guān)系副詞why的用法
關(guān)系副詞why代替的先行詞表示的是原因,why在定語(yǔ)從句作原因狀語(yǔ)。例如:
The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.
我打電話(huà)給你的原因是想問(wèn)問(wèn)你是否收到了我的電子郵件。(why先行詞是reason, 當代英語(yǔ)里why可以用that替代,這時(shí)關(guān)系代詞that就變成了表示原因的關(guān)系副詞,還可以將why省略)
This is the reason why he came late to school.
這就是他為什么上學(xué)遲到的原因。(why先行詞是reason,why可以用that替代,還可以省略)
注意:如果上面的句子將the reason省略,那么這個(gè)句子就變成了(This is why he came late to school. )表語(yǔ)從句,句子意思絲毫未變。
四、特殊關(guān)系代詞as引導的定語(yǔ)從句
as是個(gè)比較特殊的`關(guān)系代詞,一是用在某些句型搭配里,二是獨立于主句之外。下面分別講解。
(一)在固定搭配as…as, so…as, such…as, the same…as中,as引導定語(yǔ)從句
You may take as many books as you want.
你想要拿多少書(shū)就拿多少。(第一個(gè)as是副詞,修飾many的;第二個(gè)as才是關(guān)系代詞,代替先行詞books,在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ))
I have got such a computer as yours.
我有一臺你這樣的電腦。(as是關(guān)系代詞,代替先行詞computer,在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ),因為yours后省略了is )
I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin.
我從未見(jiàn)過(guò)像桂林那樣美麗的地方。(as是關(guān)系代詞,代替先行詞place,在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ),因為Guilin后省略了is )
(二)獨立于主句之外,as引導定語(yǔ)從句
As we know,
the earth turns around the sun. 正如我們所知,地球圍繞太陽(yáng)旋轉。
As is known to us,
(As we know和 As is known to us均為定語(yǔ)從句,as分別作賓語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ),替代后面的主句。)
Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China.
你知道,臺灣是中國不可分割的一部分。(關(guān)系代詞as指代整個(gè)主句,在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)。)
五、關(guān)系代詞who, which與that的區別
(一)關(guān)系代詞who與that的區別
1. 當關(guān)系代詞用作主語(yǔ)時(shí),多用主格who。例如:
He who loses hope loses all.
失去希望的人就失去一切。(先行詞為代詞he, they, any, all, one等時(shí),多用who)
I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese.
我遇見(jiàn)艾麗斯,她告訴我她在學(xué)漢語(yǔ)。(在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,用who)
2. 當關(guān)系代詞用作介詞后的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),用賓格whom,不用that。例如:
The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.
我們校長(cháng)剛才與他談話(huà)的那個(gè)人是我們的英語(yǔ)老師。(介詞與關(guān)系代詞緊密相連時(shí),只能用賓格whom,不可用主格who)
注意:介詞與關(guān)系代詞不是緊密相連時(shí),或者說(shuō)介詞放在句子后面時(shí),這時(shí)可以用主格who,也可用that,還可以省略關(guān)系代詞。因此,上面的這句話(huà)還可以有如下四種說(shuō)法:
(1) The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
(2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
(3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
(4) The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
第4句簡(jiǎn)潔、自然,所以口語(yǔ)中用得最多。
3. 當關(guān)系代詞泛指人時(shí),多用that。例如:
He is a man that is never afraid of failure.
他是個(gè)從不怕失敗的人。(that用來(lái)泛指人)
4. 當關(guān)系代詞出現在who開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句時(shí),應用that。例如:
Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?
用英語(yǔ)同湯姆交談的那個(gè)女孩是誰(shuí)?(避免重復使用who,以免造成誤解或語(yǔ)義含混不清)
中考書(shū)面表達寫(xiě)作指導:定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法 2
定語(yǔ)可以由形容詞、代詞、數詞、名詞、分詞、不定式、介詞短語(yǔ)等來(lái)?yè),修飾名詞。(以分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)為例)
例: The girl behind the tree is Kate.
The man driving too fast was a drunk.
定語(yǔ)從句
在英語(yǔ)中,修飾名詞或代詞的句子叫定語(yǔ)從句。
例: The girl who is behind the tree is Kate.
The man who was driving too fast was a drunk.
關(guān)系詞判 斷 步 驟 :
首先,要辨別出先行詞。 如果先行詞是指人,關(guān)系詞可能就用
who, that, whom ,whose。如果先行詞指物,關(guān)系詞可能用which或that
1.which指物,做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ) (作賓語(yǔ)可省 略, 2.who指人,做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ) (作賓語(yǔ)可省略)
3.whom指人,作賓語(yǔ) (作賓語(yǔ)可省略,
4.關(guān)系代詞that 指人/物,做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ) (作賓語(yǔ)可省略)
有些情況下只用關(guān)系詞that,而不宜用which
1.,只能用that引導從句.
This is the most interesting story ( that )I have ever heard.
The first meeting ( that) we will take part in will be held in the afternoon.
2.先行詞是all, something, nothing, anything不定代詞時(shí),只能用that.
Here is something ( that) I will tell you.
Not all that glitters is gold.
3.先行詞既有人也有物時(shí),只能用that引出從句
I can remember well the persons and some pictures(that) I see.
4.先行詞是one of, the one, 或用little ,few, no, all ,any 作修飾,用that
Is it the one that you want ?
We haven’t got much that we can offer you.
5.當主句已有疑問(wèn)詞 who或which時(shí),關(guān)系詞用that
Which is the bike that you lost?
Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?
從例句中看出,who、that在許多情況下可以通用,但有時(shí)宜用用who,而不用that
1.先行詞是one(s) ,anyone, someone, those時(shí),關(guān)系詞使用who
Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.
One who has nothing to fear oneself dares to tell the truth.
2.在there be 句型中,先行詞指人,關(guān)系詞用who
There is an old man who wants to see you.
There are many young men who are against him.
關(guān)系副詞是用來(lái)引導定語(yǔ)從句的,它和關(guān)系代詞一樣,具有3種作用。
在從句中代替先行詞。在句中作狀語(yǔ) 連接作用,把兩個(gè)句子連接成為一個(gè)帶有定語(yǔ)從句的復合句 關(guān)系副詞有三種:
where:在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),指代地點(diǎn). ( on in/at…which)=that when: 在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),指代時(shí)間。(on / in…which)=that why: 在從句中作原因狀語(yǔ),指代原因 =that
關(guān)系副詞的用法:
1.where 的用法:(先行詞應是地點(diǎn)名詞)
The hotel wasn’t clean. + We stayed at the hotel
=The hotel where we stayed wasn’t clean
=The hotel at which we stayed wasn’t clean.
=The hotel which we stayed at wasn’t clean
=The hotel 關(guān)系詞略we stayed at wasn’t clean
2.when的用法: (先行詞應是表示時(shí)間的`名詞)
I’ll never forget the day. + I joined the League on that day. I’ll never forget the day that I joined the League.(口語(yǔ)) I’ll never forget the day on which I joined the League . I’ll never forget the day when I joined the League.
3.why的用法: ( 表示原因的名詞) s to invite you to a party
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