學(xué)習如何寫(xiě)說(shuō)明文三篇
篇一：學(xué)習寫(xiě)說(shuō)明文
說(shuō)明文是一種以說(shuō)明為主要表達方式，介紹事物，闡明事理的文章。常見(jiàn)的說(shuō)明文有說(shuō)明書(shū)，解說(shuō)詞，科學(xué)小品（又名知識小品）等。
說(shuō)明文的主要特點(diǎn)有：說(shuō)明的中心要鮮明突出；抓住事物的主要特征和事物的本質(zhì)，正確客觀(guān)地對事物進(jìn)行介紹、說(shuō)明，具有很強的科學(xué)性。根據事物本身的條理，或按事物的時(shí)間順序說(shuō)明事物，或按方位順序說(shuō)明事物，或按性質(zhì)類(lèi)別說(shuō)明事物，或按成長(cháng)規律說(shuō)明事物??富有條理性；語(yǔ)言力求準確、簡(jiǎn)明、通俗、生動(dòng)。
說(shuō)明文常見(jiàn)的說(shuō)明方法有：下定義，分種類(lèi)，打比方，舉實(shí)例，列數字，作比較，引資料等等。說(shuō)明文以說(shuō)明作為最主要的表達方式，在說(shuō)明中適當運用記敘或描寫(xiě)成分，采用比喻，擬人等修辭手法，可以引起讀者的興趣，增強說(shuō)明內容的具體性和生動(dòng)性。
說(shuō)明文根據說(shuō)明的對象不同可以分作兩大類(lèi)：一類(lèi)是說(shuō)明具體事物的，包括說(shuō)明事物的特征的，也包括說(shuō)明事物的變化；另一類(lèi)是闡明抽象事理的。
下面根據說(shuō)明文的不同類(lèi)別，分別介紹寫(xiě)說(shuō)明文的方法。
【范例解析】
一、說(shuō)明具體事物的說(shuō)明文。
題目：《我的筆記本電腦》
我家有一臺聯(lián)想筆記本電腦，長(cháng)約30厘米，寬約24厘米，厚約6厘米，和一本大筆記本差不多。它雖然是電腦的微縮型，但價(jià)格可比普通電腦貴了差不多一倍，可功能卻一點(diǎn)都不少。
筆記本電腦通體漆黑，像一塊黑綢緞一樣。面板上有一塊legend的聯(lián)想標志閃閃發(fā)光。主體四周有一些可以打開(kāi)的小門(mén)，可以放入軟盤(pán)、光盤(pán)；還有許多輸入，輸出口，可以插入電線(xiàn)，連接許多復雜的小配件，如穩壓電源，耳機，“貓”（調制解調器）等。
打開(kāi)蓋板，只見(jiàn)蓋板里面一塊微型液晶板映入眼簾，原來(lái)這就是顯示器。主體上面是排列非常緊湊的鍵盤(pán)，鍵盤(pán)的下方有一個(gè)感應器，具有鼠標的功能。鍵盤(pán)的上面有兩個(gè)喇叭，以至電腦的背景音樂(lè )十分宏亮。左側面還有一個(gè)開(kāi)關(guān)，這是電源總開(kāi)關(guān)，控制著(zhù)電腦的開(kāi)和關(guān)。右側面還有一個(gè)插口，是鼠標插入的地方。 我非常愛(ài)用它來(lái)休閑。打開(kāi)它，我就有一種新鮮感。用鼠標在因特網(wǎng)上漫游，可以看到很多奇妙的趣文，十分舒坦。它還能幫助我學(xué)習文化知識。記得有一次，我在做數學(xué)題時(shí)，遇到了一道難題，便請教這位“老師”。它先“講”出解題的思路，然后列出幾種解題算式。讓你選擇一種正確的。你如果答得好，它還會(huì )放一段動(dòng)畫(huà)片獎勵你呢！有時(shí)我也玩游戲，一個(gè)人太沒(méi)意思了，它就會(huì )和我“并肩戰斗”。
這個(gè)電腦可以?xún)﹄�，因為主體體中有蓄電池。白天不在家，就插上插頭，給它補補“力氣”，也挺有趣的。充滿(mǎn)電的它無(wú)需電源插頭，直接可以使用。與普通電腦相比，它體積小，便于攜帶，所以人們稱(chēng)它“便攜式電腦”。
筆記本電腦是我的好老師，也是我的好伙伴，更是世界高科技發(fā)展的象征。
【評析】 這是一篇介紹電腦的說(shuō)明文。文章抓住筆記本電腦體積小，攜帶方便的特點(diǎn)，按由表及里的順序，恰當地運用了多種說(shuō)明方法，清楚明白地說(shuō)明了筆記本電腦的構造，功能及操作使用方法，條理清晰，具體生動(dòng)。
篇二：電腦說(shuō)明文
電腦
五年級 陳麗媛
提起電腦，相信大家都非常熟悉。電腦又叫電子計算機。如今，隨著(zhù)科技的發(fā)展，電腦已走進(jìn)千家萬(wàn)戶(hù)。
電腦一般分為兩大類(lèi)；一類(lèi)是個(gè)人電腦，個(gè)人電腦有臺式的，筆記本的，最新式的是平板的。另一類(lèi)是超級電腦，每秒的運算速度在億次以上，主要用在銀行、科研、軍事等方面。
電腦由硬件系統和軟件系統組成。電腦的硬件系統主要由主機、顯示器、鍵盤(pán)、鼠標、音箱、攝像頭等組成。主機就是電腦的主管，就像我們的頭腦，控制著(zhù)電腦每天的工作。顯示器就像我們的眼睛，把所有工作的成果展示給我們看。鍵盤(pán)上有26個(gè)英文字母鍵，方向鍵，數字鍵和幾個(gè)重要按鍵，是電腦主要的輸入設備。鼠標就像一只老鼠似的扒在桌子上，可是作用非常大，可以靈活地指揮各種應用程序。音箱可以帶領(lǐng)我們進(jìn)入美妙的音樂(lè )世界。攝像頭可以讓我們足不出戶(hù)，與世界各地的人們交流。電腦的軟件系統分為兩類(lèi)；一類(lèi)是操作系統軟件，主要有windows操作系統和Linux操作系統等，最原始的是dos操作系統。它們是計算機底層的系統軟件，負責管理、調度、指揮計算機的軟硬件資源使其協(xié)調工作，沒(méi)有它，任何計算機都無(wú)法正常運行。它在資源使用者和資源之間充當中間人的角色，舉個(gè)例子，一個(gè)用戶(hù)（也可以是程序）將一個(gè)文件存盤(pán)，操作系統就會(huì )開(kāi)始工作：管理磁盤(pán)空間的分配，將要保存的信息由內存寫(xiě)到磁盤(pán)等。當用戶(hù)要運行一個(gè)程序時(shí)，操作系統必須先將程序載入內存，當程序執行時(shí)，操作系統會(huì )讓程序使用CPU。另一類(lèi)是應用軟件，可以辦公，也可以游戲，還能保證安全等等。
電腦的用途很多：可以上網(wǎng)，例如聊天、發(fā)郵件、聽(tīng)音樂(lè )，玩游戲、登Q、查資料等；可以管理資料，比如學(xué)校的圖書(shū)室里的電腦是用來(lái)登記圖書(shū)借出去情況的；可以記帳，比如超市里的計算機，就是拿來(lái)記帳的；還可以控制生產(chǎn)，比如水泥廠(chǎng)里的電腦能自動(dòng)控制生產(chǎn)。瞧，電腦真是各方面的能人！
電腦與人們的生活息息相關(guān)，讓人們的生活變得更美好。
指導老師 林蔚文
篇三：說(shuō)明文是以說(shuō)明為主要表達方式用來(lái)說(shuō)明事物
說(shuō)明文是以說(shuō)明為主要表達方式用來(lái)說(shuō)明事物，闡明事理的一種文體。它通過(guò)揭示概念來(lái)說(shuō)明事物的特征、本質(zhì)及其規律性，給人準確的科學(xué)知識或正確思想。一般可分為實(shí)體事物說(shuō)明和抽象事物說(shuō)明兩大類(lèi)，詞典、教材、論文、實(shí)驗報告、產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明書(shū)、廣告、解說(shuō)詞及科學(xué)小品等都屬于說(shuō)明文。
按寫(xiě)作方法,英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文主要分為下面六種類(lèi)型
1.例證法 2.定義法 3.分類(lèi)法 4.因果關(guān)系法 5.比較對照法 6.過(guò)程分析法
1.例證法
Our life today depends very much on energy. For example, machines have made our life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods-everything. Factories use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.
這段主要是講能源問(wèn)題。第一句為主題句,概括地說(shuō)出"我們目前的生活很大程度上依賴(lài)能源"。接著(zhù)用舉例的方法從三方面說(shuō)明能源的作用。
2.定義法
An ideal teacher must have the following characteristics. He should know his subject, but he can make mistakes if he is willing to learn. His personality is as important as his scholarship. An ideal teacher must be enthusiastic. He should be a bit of an actor and he shouldn't be afraid to show his feelings and express his likes and dislikes. An ideal teacher is one who grows, learns, and improves himself along with his students.
本段的展開(kāi)是通過(guò)對"一個(gè)模范教師"下定義的方法,關(guān)鍵詞"ideal teacher"在文中多次重復,能加深讀者的印象。
3.分類(lèi)法
As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories. First are the conservative people. Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes. Second are the liberal people. These people are in favour of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem too idealistic. Third are the moderate people. The moderates keep everything within reasonable limits. They are more practical in this hard world. In my opinion, most people seem to belong to this group.
本段把人按政治觀(guān)點(diǎn)分為三類(lèi):保守派(conservative people)、自由派(liberal people)和溫和派(moderate people),并對他們各自的特征進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)要的分析。
4.因果關(guān)系法
Of the four seasons, I like spring best. I prefer spring because it is a season of much joy and gaiety. New life bursts out everywhere. Plants wear a green coat again and colourful flowers blossom in gardens and mountains. The old come outdoors for fresh air and the young plan for outdoor activities. Life becomes so energetic and happy.
第一句為本段主題句,末句是總結句。在主題句后, 作者用了四個(gè)句子闡述自己喜歡春天的理由。
5.比較對照法
I like having a twin sister. When she's happy, I'm happy. When she feels unhappy, I feel the same. Often, I know what she's going to say. Sometimes, I know what she's thinking. I like what she likes. I hate what she hates. We like the same music, the same food and the same books.
這段采用AB交錯的比較方式,闡述孿生姐妹的相同特征。這種寫(xiě)法較流暢自然,給讀者的印象也更鮮明突出。
6.過(guò)程分析法
There are several steps to plant a tree. First, dig a hole large enough for the tree, but the hole should not be too deep. Second, put the tree in the hole so that it is straight. Third, put the earth back into the hole again. Push it down hard with your foot several times. Finally, water the tree well, as often as possible.
這段分析了植樹(shù)過(guò)程中的幾個(gè)步驟。全段層次分明,連接詞語(yǔ)(first, second, third, finally)的使用加強了語(yǔ)句的連貫性。
Exercises
例１ 請根據Wang Hua 在學(xué)騎自行車(chē)時(shí)的幾個(gè)步驟，寫(xiě)一篇短文，說(shuō)明他是任何學(xué)會(huì )騎自行車(chē)的．
參考詞匯： handle-bars 自行車(chē)把手 pedal 踏板 saddle 車(chē)座
Wang Hua is learning to ride a bicycle. Let’s watch him and see how he can get on his bicycle. He put his hands on the handle-bars. He puts his left foot on the left pedal, then he pushes himself hard forward with his right leg. Now he can move on together with the bicycle and his whole body is now on the bicycle. Then, he raises his right leg over the saddle and lower himself on the saddle. Now, he is on the bicycle and stepping the pedals hard with both legs. And the bicycle is going forward.
例2
請寫(xiě)一篇短文介紹如何乘坐倫敦地鐵．
內容提示如下：
1. 在售票處（booth)購買(mǎi)輔幣（token)需30便士．
2. 在入口處將輔幣投入狹孔（slot)，你就可以走下地鐵．
3. 在站臺等車(chē)時(shí)，要站在白線(xiàn)以外．注意你要去的方向．不要站錯站臺．
4. 上下車(chē)應迅速，因為車(chē)門(mén)關(guān)閉很快．地鐵內規定不準吸煙．
注意：短文的意思要連貫． 字數：100個(gè)左右．
If you want to travel by underground in London, you should first find the nearest underground entrance and buy a token for 30 pence in the booth. After you drop the token into the slot at the entrance, you can walk down the stairs. Stand back of the white line while waiting for the train on the platform. Make sure that you are on the right side of the platform for your train. When the train arrives, get on or get off quickly because the doors of the train close quickly. Smoking is not allowed in the underground.
例3
家用電腦體積下，價(jià)格低，造型優(yōu)美，簡(jiǎn)單易用，使用方便，靈活；可用于計算，記事，打電話(huà)，打印信件；兒童可用它來(lái)學(xué)英語(yǔ)，做游戲． 你通過(guò)家用電腦能學(xué)會(huì )怎樣使用微機；為將來(lái)尋找工作提供便利；電腦工作比人快數百倍；我們已經(jīng)得到電腦的巨大幫助． 請根據以上內容寫(xiě)一篇介紹家用電腦的說(shuō)明文． 字數120左右．
A Family Computer
A family computer is small. Its price is not high, and it has a good look. It can be used easily. You can calculate, make notes, call others and type letters, etc. Also, children can learn English or play games with it. Besides, you can use a family computer as a training computer. You can learn how to use an office computer, which can give you convenience to find a good job in a company. Computers can work hundreds of times faster than humans. We have been greatly helped by
computers.
例 4
請以The Importance of Trees 為題寫(xiě)一篇短文，說(shuō)明保護森林的必要性．
1. 說(shuō)明樹(shù)木的主要用途：提供木材；吸水，防止水災，旱災；凈化空氣，美化生活．
2. 濫伐樹(shù)木的危害；無(wú)計劃砍伐造成水土流失，土壤沙化，造成水災．
3. 每年都應植樹(shù)造林，使其為人類(lèi)更好服務(wù)等等．
字數：100左右．
As we all know, trees are very useful. They are of great benefit to man as follows. First, trees provide us with wood and other products. Second, their roots can allow the rain to sink in and keep the soil, so they help to prevent droughts and floods. Trees can help clean air and beautify life.
Unfortunately, nowadays in many parts of the world lots of people fail to realize the importance of trees. They have cut trees down in large numbers without a plan, which makes the soil washed away. They don’t know where there are no trees, the rain washes away the surface of the soil and this causes floods.
We ought to plant trees each year and carefully look after new trees in order not to make the forest slowly disappear. Only in this way can we make the forest serve man forever.
例 5
根據下表格提供的信息，請你推薦兩本學(xué)中文的詞典．
Dear Steve,
I’m pleased to learn that you and your classmates are learning Chinese. I’d like to recommend the following two dictionaries. The English- Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary is really a good one for beginners. It has 18,000 English words and 20,000 Chinese words. Besides plenty of examples, it has many notes telling you how to use a word. Xinhua Dictionary is the most popular Chinese dictionary, and it has a vocabulary of 10,000 words. It may also be useful to some advanced learners of Chinese. Of the two, ECCED is the more expensive, costing 52 yuan, and XD costs 11 yuan.
Please let me know if you want me to buy these dictionaries.
Yours, Li Yua
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