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主謂一致講與練

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2016-6-27 編輯:互聯(lián)網(wǎng) 手機版

隆回一中 羅玉南

英語(yǔ)中,主語(yǔ)的單復數形式?jīng)Q定著(zhù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復數形式。這看起來(lái)似乎很簡(jiǎn)單,但用起來(lái)卻常常遇到復雜的情況。經(jīng)過(guò)多年的探索,筆者認為主謂一致必須遵循以下三條原則:語(yǔ)法一致原則、意義一致原則、就近一致原則。根據這三條原則,現從以下幾個(gè)方面進(jìn)行總結:

一、 并列結構作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致

1.由and 連接的兩個(gè)單數名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般根據語(yǔ)法一致的原則用復數。如:鶤 young man and a girl want to go there.一個(gè)青年男子和一個(gè)姑娘想去那里。

但如果在意義上指同一個(gè)人、同一件事或同一個(gè)概念時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數形式。如:

A needle and thread was found on the floor. 在地板上找到了針線(xiàn)(穿了線(xiàn)的針)。

2. 當each …and each…, every…and every…, no…and no…, many a…and many a …結構作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數形式。如:

①No man and no animal is to be found on the moon.在月球上沒(méi)發(fā)現人和動(dòng)物。

②Many a doctor and many a nurse is busy with their work.

許多醫生和護士都忙于他們的工作。

3.一個(gè)單數名詞同時(shí)被兩個(gè)不同的形容詞修飾,表示兩個(gè)不同的概念時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用復數。如:

Ancient and modern history are the subjects we are studying.

古代史和現代史是我們目前學(xué)習的課程。

但如果表示的是同一概念時(shí)應用單數。如:

The last and most difficult lesson is lesson14.

14課是最后一課也是最難的一課。

4.由not only… but also… ,鷈ither…or… , neither… nor… , … or…連接的并列主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常依就近一致原則決定。如:

Either the players or the coach is responsible for the defeat.

不是運動(dòng)員就是教練應該對這次比賽的失利負責。

5.當主語(yǔ)由as well as, along with, together with, rather than, no less than, but, except, besides, in addition to, like, including等詞連接時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復數形式通常由前面的詞來(lái)決定。如:

①An iron and steal works, with some satellite factories. is to be built here.

在這里將建立一個(gè)鋼鐵廠(chǎng)和一些衛星廠(chǎng)。

②Tom, along with his friends, goes skating every Saturday.

每個(gè)星期六,湯姆和他的朋友們一起去滑冰。

二、百分數、分數作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致

當百分數、分數后面加名詞或代詞時(shí),要根據這個(gè)名詞或代詞來(lái)決定其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復數形式。如果是復數名詞或代詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復數;如果是單數名詞(或不可數名詞)或代詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數。如:

①Fifty percent of the students in our school are girls.

我們學(xué)校百分之五十的學(xué)生是女生。

②Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.

地球表面的四分之三是海洋。

三、 不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致

1.不定代詞each, another, the other, either, neither和由some, any, no, every+one 或thing構成的復合代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數形式。如:

①Neither of us has gone through regular training.

我們兩個(gè)都沒(méi)經(jīng)過(guò)正規訓練。

②Nobody wants to go there, does he﹖

沒(méi)有人想去那里,是吧?

③Something has been done to end the strike.

已經(jīng)采取措施制止罷工了。

2.none 作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞既可用單數也可用復數,這要取決于說(shuō)話(huà)人的看法。如:

①None of us seem to have thought of it.似乎我們全都沒(méi)有想到這一點(diǎn)。

③None of us has got a camera. (None = Not a single one)

我們都沒(méi)有照相機。

3.both, (a) few, many, several作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用復數形式。如:

Both (of) the instruments are not precise ones. 這兩種儀器并不都是精密儀器。

4. all作主語(yǔ)表示人時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復數;表示物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數。如:

①All is well that ends well.結果好一切都好。

②A(yíng)ll are eager to reach an agreement.大家都急于達成一項協(xié)議。

四、 表示“全體”、“部分”等意義的詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致

1.當主語(yǔ)是most, the rest, the last, the remainder等時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)一般應遵循意義一致的原則:如果of后面的名詞是單數,則用單數;如果of后面的名詞表示復數,則用復數。如:

①Three of us will go, the rest are to stay here.

我們中的三個(gè)人去,其余的人留在這里。

②A(yíng)fter the big fire, the remainder is nothing.

大火之后什么也沒(méi)剩下。

2.當town, school, village 等分別表示總稱(chēng)的“鎮民”、 “全校師生”、“村民”時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以用單數,也可以用復數。有時(shí)可用the 或加形容詞whole修飾。如:

①The whole school were / was sorry when she left.她離開(kāi)時(shí),全校師生都很傷心。

②The whole town is / are in agreement about the plan.全體鎮民都同意這項計劃。

五、 “the+形容詞/過(guò)去分詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致

當 ”the +形容詞 / 過(guò)去分詞”表示一類(lèi)人或事物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復數;如果指某一抽象概念時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則用單數。如:

①The sick here are very well cared for.這里的病人都被照顧得很好。

③The true is to be distinguished from the false.

真實(shí)與虛假應加以區別。

六、 形式為復數、意義為單數的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致

1.表示時(shí)間、距離、金額、重量、計量、空間、體積等意義的復數名詞作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數形式。如:

①Eight hours of sleep is enough. 八小時(shí)的睡眠足夠了。

②Ten pounds was missing from the till. 錢(qián)柜里的10英鎊不見(jiàn)了。

2.以數字作主語(yǔ)的詞或短語(yǔ),有時(shí)可以看成一個(gè)整體,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數形式。如:

Thirty-six from forty瞗ive leaves nine. 四十五減去三十六等于九。

注:兩數相加或兩數相乘,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞既可用單數形式也可用復數形式。如:

Six times seven are / is forty-two. 六乘以七等于四十二。

3.主語(yǔ)為以-ics結尾的學(xué)科名稱(chēng)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數形式。如:

Politics is often a topic for discussion among us.政治常常是我們討論的話(huà)題。

4. 以-s結尾的專(zhuān)有名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數形式。如:

New York Times has a wide circulation. 《紐約時(shí)報》的銷(xiāo)路很廣。

5.群島、山脈、瀑布等專(zhuān)有名詞如:the Alps, the Philippines, Niagara Falls等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復數形式。如:

Niagara Falls are a splendid scene. 尼亞加拉瀑布是一個(gè)壯麗的景象。

6.一些形式為復數,意思為單數的名詞,如:trousers, pants, shorts,glasses, scissors等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復數。如:

Her glasses are new. 她的眼鏡是新的。

但當這類(lèi)名詞前有a pair of 修飾時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應用單數。如:

This pair of scissors is made in Hangzhou. 這把剪刀是杭州制造的。

七、number many a…等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致

1.the number of … (……的數目)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數;而 a number of …(許多……)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復數。如:

The number of mistakes is surprising. 錯誤之多是驚人的。

2.many a, more than one+單數名詞構成的短語(yǔ),盡管意義上是復數,但謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數形式。如:Many a comrade has that kind of opportunity.很多同志都有那種機遇。

3.one and a half加復數名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數形式。如:

One and a half apples has been eaten by the boy.

八、集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致

1.有生命的詞,people,police,cattle,youth等集合名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一律用復數形式。如:

The police are searching the house for the thief.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復數形式。如:

The police are investigating the crime.警察正在調查這次犯罪活動(dòng)。

2.無(wú)生命的詞,如:foliage(葉子),machinery (機械),merchandise (商品、貨物)等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數形式。如:

All the machinery in the factory is made in China.

這家工廠(chǎng)的全部機器都是中國制造的。

3.audience, class, crew (全體船員),committee(委員會(huì )),family, team, group等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),如果指一個(gè)整體,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數;如果指全體中的每一個(gè)成員則用復數形式。如:

①The football team is being recognized. (他們)正在重建這個(gè)足球隊。

②The football team are having baths and then they are coming back here for tea.

足球隊員們正在洗澡,然后他們會(huì )回到這里來(lái)喝茶。

九、“one of +復數名詞+定語(yǔ)從句” 結構中的主謂一致

1.在 “one of +復數名詞+定語(yǔ)從句” 結構中,定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復數應由它修飾的先行詞的數來(lái)決定。如:

This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire.這就是那次大火燒毀的房間之一。

2.在“the only one of +復數名詞+定語(yǔ)從句” 結構中,定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應用單數形式。如: Mary is the only one of the youngest girls who plays in the band.

瑪麗是參加樂(lè )隊伴奏的最年輕的姑娘。

十、從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、-ing形式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致

1.在 “主系表” 結構中,如果以what從句作主語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)又是單數,主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數;如果表語(yǔ)是復數,主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用復數。動(dòng)詞不定式、瞚ng形式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數。如:

①What caused the accident is a complete mystery.

事故是由什么引起的完全是個(gè)謎。

②What his father left him are a few English books.

他父親留給他的只是幾本英語(yǔ)書(shū)而已。

③To learn English well is difficult.學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是困難的。

2.當what 從句具有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的動(dòng)詞,是表示復數意義的并列結構時(shí),主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用復數形式。如:

What I say and think are none of your business. 我說(shuō)的和我想的都與你無(wú)關(guān)。

3.以who, why, how, whether或that引導的從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數形式。如:

Why she did this is not known. 她為什么做這件事還不清楚。

注:由how and why, when and where引導的從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數形式。如:

How and why he had come to Princeton New Jersey is a story of struggle, success and sadness.

他為什么以及怎樣來(lái)到新澤西普林斯頓是一個(gè)充滿(mǎn)著(zhù)斗爭、成功和悲哀的故事。

4.a(chǎn)nd連接的兩個(gè)名詞性從句作主語(yǔ),如果表示兩件事情,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用復數形式。如: What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery to us.

造成事故的原因是什么,誰(shuí)應對事故負責,對我們來(lái)說(shuō)還是一個(gè)謎。

十一、其它

1.不可數名詞前面加上單位詞進(jìn)行計量,單位詞是復數時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復數形式。如:

Large quantities of oil are needed.

Fifty tons of coal were wasted in the factory last winter.

2.a(chǎn) good/great many,a number of, quite a few,plenty of,a lot of,lots of,a large quantity of,large quantities of等后面接可數名詞復數作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復數形式。如:

A lot of new machines were bought by the factory.

I.主謂一致練與析

從A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。

1.-____ eitherhe or I fit for the job﹖

-Neither he nor you ____.

A.Am; are鶥.Is; are鶦.Are; are D.Is; is

2.(1)燗 cart and a horse ____ in the distance.

(2)燗 cart and horse ____ in the distance.

A.was seen鶥.were seen C.see鶧.sees

3.In our country, every boy and every girl ____ the right to go to school.

A.has B.have C.is D.a(chǎn)re

4.The wounded ____ good care of here now.

A.is taken B.a(chǎn)re being taken C.a(chǎn)re taking D.is being taken

5.The factory, including its machines and buildings, _burnt last night.

A.is鶥.a(chǎn)re鶦.were鶧.was

6.(1) The students in our school each ____ an English dictionary.煩

(2) Each of the students in our school ____ an English dictionary.

A.a(chǎn)re having鶥.had鶦.has鶧.have

7.(1)燤any students ____ that mistake before.

(2)燤any a student ____ that mistake before.

A.had made鶥.has been made C.have made鶧.has made

8.I, who ____ your good friend, will share your joys and sorrows.

A.was鶥.a(chǎn)re鶦.is鶧.a(chǎn)m

9.All but him and me ____ to the cinema.

A.a(chǎn)re going鶥.is going鶦.was going鶧.has going

10.The rest of the novel ___very interesting.

A.were B.a(chǎn)re C.is D.seem

11.Some person ____ calling for you at the gate.

A.will be鶥.is being C.is鶧.a(chǎn)re

12.The population of China ____ larger than that of the USA.

A.will be B.a(chǎn)re C.is D.was

13.Deer ____ faster than dogs.

A.will run B.a(chǎn)re running C.runs D.run

14.Every means ____ tried, but there is no result.

A.have been B.has been C.will be鶧.were

15.This pair of trousers ____ my sister.My trousers ____.

A.is belong to; is being washed B.belongs to; are being washed

C.belong to; is washed鶧.a(chǎn)re belonging to; has been washed

16.To play basketball and to go swimming _useful for character-training.

鶤.was鶥.is鶦.a(chǎn)re鶧.were

17.When and where to build the new factory____yet.

A.has not been decided B.is not decided

C.a(chǎn)re not decided鶧.have not been decided

18.What I want ____ an interesting book while what he wants ____ two cups of coffee.鶤.is; are B.a(chǎn)re; is B.is; is D.a(chǎn)re; are煩

[答案與簡(jiǎn)析]牘

1.B。在正式文體中,由連詞or, either…or, neither…nor, not…but, whether…or, not only…but also等連接兩個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)熚接鋃詞要與最近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。2.(1)燘; (2)燗。當and或both…and…連接兩個(gè)不可數名詞或可數名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)熚接鋃詞用復數形式牭如果并列的兩個(gè)名詞指的是同一個(gè)人,同一個(gè)事物或一套事物時(shí)(第二個(gè)名詞前往往沒(méi)有冠詞),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數。3.A。and連接的并列主語(yǔ)前如果有every, each, no時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數。4.B!皌he+形容詞/分詞”作主語(yǔ)表示一類(lèi)人時(shí)熚接鋃詞用復數形式。5.D。but, except, besides, with, together with, along with, including, as well as, rather than, like等詞連接主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和前面的主語(yǔ)保持一致。6.(1)燚; (2)燙。each, one, either, neither, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, everything, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, nothing, little,焌 little作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數;而each作同位語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致。7.(1)燙; (2)燚。many修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復數!癿any a+單數名詞”,“more than one+單數名詞”,具有復數意義,但作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數。8.D。定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞who, that, which在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)熎湮接鋃詞要與先行詞保持人稱(chēng)和數的一致。9.A。all, half of, most of, none of, some of, a part of, a lot of, plenty of, the rest (of)等代詞熞約胺質(zhì)、百分數作主語(yǔ)時(shí),要遵循意義一致的原則熂雌湮接鋃詞的單復數形式要根據它們所代替或所修飾的詞的含義來(lái)確定。10.C。the rest作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞跟它所指代的名詞保持數的一致。11.C。some在此句中表示“某一個(gè)……”,所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數形式。12.C。population作主語(yǔ)時(shí),一般強調的是總人口數量,句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數形式。13.D。deer單、復數形式一致煷頌庵械膁eer是復數形式。14.B。means單、復數形式一致熢詿司渲惺塹ナ形式。15.B。像trousers, shoes, glasses, clothes等一些由兩個(gè)部分構成的表示衣物和工具的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)熚接鋃詞常用復數形式牭若主語(yǔ)與a pair of, a kind of等詞連用時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數形式。16.C。and連接兩個(gè)不定式作主語(yǔ), 表示兩件事情, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復數形式。17.A。兩個(gè)并列疑問(wèn)詞加動(dòng)詞不定式表示一個(gè)概念時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數形式。18.A。從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),要遵循意義一致的原則.