【知識點(diǎn)】
1，單詞和詞組
answering machine留言機
recorder留言機
tape recorder磁帶留言機
Progress(vt.)進(jìn)行
2，日常用語(yǔ)
Phone calls and messages
Hello. Is--in/there? Hello, this is--(speaking).
May/Could I speak to --? I'm sorry, she/he isn't here right now.
Hello, is that--? Hold on, please.
Hello, Who is that/it? Can I take a message (for you)?
Could you give her/him a message?
I called to ask/tell you/say that--
3，語(yǔ)法
復習和歸納句子的成分--表語(yǔ)；復習動(dòng)詞不定式，動(dòng)詞-ing形式和過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)的用法。
【知識講解】
1，Once you have done this, you will quickly become a useful member of the team. 一旦你學(xué)會(huì )使用了，你就會(huì )很快地成為工作班子里有用的一員。
Once you have done this… 是承接上文來(lái)的，意思相當于：Once you have learned how to use every piece of equipment….
once 是從屬連詞，作"一(旦)……就……"(from the moment that)解，連接一個(gè)表示時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：
Once you show any fear, the dog will attack you.
你一顯出害怕的樣子，狗就會(huì )來(lái)咬你。
Once he said that, I know he was lying. 他一說(shuō)那件事，我就知道他在撒謊。
She wouldn't change her mind once she made the decision.
她一旦作出決定就不會(huì )改變的。
once 還可以作副詞，作"一次"(one time)或"曾經(jīng)一度"(some time ago)解。例如：
I have been there once. 我到過(guò)那兒一次。
We go home once a week. 我們每周回家一次。
He once knew her, but they are no longer friends.
他曾經(jīng)認識她，但是他們現在不再是朋友了。
Her father once worked in a car factory in Harbin.
她父親在哈爾濱一家汽車(chē)廠(chǎng)工作過(guò)。
2，It is better to ask for help at the beginning rather than to wait until a busy period when everyone is rushed off their feet. 最好在開(kāi)始工作時(shí)就去請求幫助，而不要等到大家都忙得不可開(kāi)交時(shí)再去找人幫忙。
1）rather than 而不是，與其……寧愿。這是一個(gè)連詞詞組，用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)并列的成分(如本句中連接兩個(gè)作主語(yǔ)的不定式短語(yǔ) to ask for…和 to wait…)，表示在兩者中進(jìn)行選擇，意即"是A而不是B"，"要A而不要B"，"寧愿A而不愿B"等。例如：
John must go rather than Jack.
必須去的是約翰而不是杰克。(連接兩個(gè)名詞 John 和Jack)
These shoes are comfortable rather than pretty.
這些鞋子穿起來(lái)很舒服，但并不漂亮。(連接兩個(gè)表語(yǔ)形容詞 comfortable和 pretty)
He'd prefer to come in August rather than in July.
他愿八月來(lái)，而不愿七月來(lái)。(連接兩個(gè)表示時(shí)間的介詞短語(yǔ) in August和 in July)
I love swimming rather than skating.
我喜歡游泳，而不喜歡溜冰。(連接兩個(gè) -ing 形式 swimming 和 skating)
I decide to write rather than (to) telephone.
我決定寫(xiě)信而不打電話(huà)。(連接兩個(gè)不定式 to write 和 to telephone)
注意：當連接兩個(gè)不定式時(shí)，rather than 后面的這個(gè)不定式可以帶 to，也可以不帶 to，還可以用 -ing 形式。例如：
It's better to reply immediately rather than (to) wait till the weekend. (或rather than waiting till the weekend) 最好是立即回答，而不要等到周末。
We ought to check up, rather than just accept what he says. (或…accepting what he says) 我們應該核實(shí)一下，而不是他說(shuō)什么就信什么。
2)rush sb．off his feet 意思是"使忙得個(gè)不亦樂(lè )乎"，"使忙得不可開(kāi)交"，常以被動(dòng)形式出現(sb is rushed off his feet.)，用于非正式文體。例如：
We were so busy in the office today. I was rushed off my feet.
今天我們辦公室里真忙。我是忙得不可開(kāi)交。
They're rushed off their feet with the sowing. 他們播種忙得個(gè)不亦樂(lè )乎。
3， What is more, this"information line"operates 24 hours a day. 再說(shuō)，這條"問(wèn)訊線(xiàn)路"是一天24小時(shí)工作的。
"What is more"是一種固定表達，作"再說(shuō)"、"而且"、"更有甚者"解，在句中作插入語(yǔ)，表不除了上文所說(shuō)的情況外還有進(jìn)一步的情況。例如：
He came home after midnight, and what's more, he was drunk.
他后半夜才回家，而且醉醺醺的。
----Why didn't you go and see Mr Johnson? 你為什么沒(méi)去看看約翰遜先生呢？
----Because it was raining hard that day. And what's more, I didn't have his address with me. 因為那天下大雨，再說(shuō)，我身邊又沒(méi)有他的地址。
4，It was important to carry out the work quickly, so an extra team of men were asked to work on the repairs one evening. 加快完成這項工作很重要。因此，有一天晚上要求多派了一隊人來(lái)搞維修工作。
work on 是短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，作"從事(某工作)"、"致力于"解，可以有多種譯法。這個(gè)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的on是介詞，后跟名詞、代詞或 - ing 形式。例如：
They are working on a report of the experiment. 他們在寫(xiě)一份實(shí)驗報告。
We worked on this day and night. 我們日日夜夜都在從事這項工作。
He is still working on inventing a new type of machine for office work. 他仍在致力于發(fā)明一種辦公用的新式機器。
Many people in China are working on a"Project Hope", helping poor children to go to school. 中國有許多人正在從事一項"希望工程"，幫助窮苦孩子上學(xué)。
work on 也可以作"繼續工作"(work continuously)解，其中的 on是副詞，表示"繼續地"。如 walk on(繼續走)， stay on(繼續逗留)，talk on(繼續談話(huà))等。例如：
I'll have to work on till the report is ready. It is needed for tomorrow's meeting. 我不得不繼續工作，直到把報告寫(xiě)好為止。這篇報告明天會(huì )議上要用的。
5，There had been fuel on the ship, but this did not appear to have caused the fire, and little smoke was produced. 船上有一些燃料，但看來(lái)并不是燃料引起火災的，而且幾乎沒(méi)有產(chǎn)生煙。
1)There had been fuel…，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用了過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)，這是因為上文的時(shí)態(tài)用了一般過(guò)去時(shí)的緣故�！� they at once started to look for causes of the fire. They were puzzled by…。這說(shuō)明在消防隊員尋找失火原因之前(過(guò)去)，船上就已經(jīng)有了燃料(過(guò)去的過(guò)去)。
2)… but this didn't appear to have caused the fire…句中 appear作"似乎"、"顯得"解，后跟不定式的完成式，這表示不定式的動(dòng)作是在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的。如果將原句作如下改寫(xiě)，則可以看出兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的先后：
It seemed that this had not caused the fire. 又如：
She appeared to have heard about it already. (It seemed that she had already heard about it.) 她似乎已經(jīng)聽(tīng)到這件事了。
He didn't appear to have fixed up the pipe. (It seemed that he hadn't fixed up the pipe.) 看來(lái)他并沒(méi)有把管子安裝好。
6，It must have been a gas that could burn but that would not explode, a gas that did not smell strong, and a gas that did not kill people. 這準是一種能夠燃燒但不會(huì )爆炸的氣體，一種氣味不大又不傷人的氣體。
1)這是一個(gè)復合句。主句是 It must have been a gas。這是一個(gè)"主系表"結構，表語(yǔ)是三個(gè) a gas，后面都跟著(zhù)由關(guān)系代詞 that引導的定語(yǔ)從句。
2)句中must用來(lái)表示推論或揣測，作"一定是"、"準是"、"想必"解。must后跟不定式的完成式(must have + 過(guò)去分詞)表示對過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情的揣測。例如：
The house was burned down. There must have been some cause.
房子燒了，準是有什么原因。
Jim kept crying last night. He must have had some problem.
吉姆昨晚哭個(gè)不停，他準是有什么問(wèn)題。
Miss Black didn't come yesterday. She must have been ill.
布萊克小姐昨天沒(méi)有來(lái)，想必她病了。
【語(yǔ)法】
1，動(dòng)詞不定式，動(dòng)詞-ing形式和過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)的用法，要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
1）不定式作表語(yǔ)有時(shí)可以省略to;
2）現在分詞作表語(yǔ)表示主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行；
3）過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)表示完成和被動(dòng)。
例如：
The machines seems to have been used already. Can you find me a new one?
The tap is broken. Can you go to the stores and get another one?
The difficulty is finding people with the right education.
The only answer for us is to mark all the supply lines in the port clearly.
It only remains for me to thank the whole team for their hard work.
All I could do was call for help.
2, 常用系動(dòng)詞分類(lèi)
（1） 純系動(dòng)詞：be, become, seem等。
（2） 兼實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的系動(dòng)詞
（a） 感官動(dòng)詞：look, feel, smell, taste, sound等。
（b） 表示"變"：get, grow, turn, go ,run等。
（c） 實(shí)義詞詞義基本沒(méi)有變化的：stay, lie, stand, fall, prove等。
3, 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的區別
構成否定句，疑問(wèn)句是否需要助動(dòng)詞
是否有單數第三人稱(chēng)詞尾
其后接帶to 不定式還是接不帶to 不定式
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
×
×
不帶to
實(shí)義動(dòng)詞
√
√
帶to
注意：1．have to 結構構成否定式、疑問(wèn)式時(shí)，需要助動(dòng)詞。
2．have to, ought to 中的to 不能省略，且直接接原形動(dòng)詞。
3．don't have (to) do 結構中，不定式符號to 可以省略。
【名詞動(dòng)詞轉換總結】
名 詞 動(dòng) 詞
charge 費用，價(jià)錢(qián) 收費，索價(jià)
chat 聊天，閑談 聊天，閑談
copy 抄本，復印件 抄寫(xiě)，復印
delay 推遲，耽擱 推遲，耽擱
design 設計，圖案 設計
doubt 懷疑，疑惑 懷疑，疑惑
dream 夢(mèng)，夢(mèng)想 做夢(mèng)，夢(mèng)想
escape 逃跑 逃跑
flood 洪水 淹沒(méi)，使泛濫
heat 熱，熱量 加熱，加溫
march 游行，行進(jìn) 前進(jìn)，行進(jìn)
order 訂單，訂貨 訂貨
paint 油漆 油漆
phone 電話(huà) 打電話(huà)
pin 別針 (用針)裝訂
praise 贊揚，表?yè)P 贊揚，表?yè)P
sort 種類(lèi)，分類(lèi) 整理，分類(lèi)
taste 味道 品嘗
waste 浪費，廢物 浪費
【例題解析】
1．The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C., Did not include women players until 1912．
A．first playing B．to be first played
C．first played D．to be first playing
【答案】C
【解析】全句意思是"第一次奧林匹克運動(dòng)會(huì )是在公元前776年舉辦的，但是到公元1912年才有女運動(dòng)員參加"。奧運會(huì )是被舉辦的，選擇表示被動(dòng)的，所以選B和C。又因為776 B.C.（公元前 776年）是表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，而動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)常表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，所以應選擇C。這里played是過(guò)去分詞，作定語(yǔ)，相當于which was first played。
2． ______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A．Losing B．Having lost
C．Lost D．To lose
【答案】C
【解析】句子意思是"沉思中，他差點(diǎn)撞上前面的汽車(chē)。"（be）lost in thought（想得出神）是固定搭配，另外，表達此意時(shí)，還可以有 lose oneself in thought。
3．The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation.
A．to eat not B．eating not
C．not to eat D．not eating
【答案】C
【解析】醫生告誡病人手術(shù)后不要吃油膩的食物。warn sb. （not）to do sth. 是常用句型，此句用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，即：sb. is（was）warned（not）to do sth.。
4．Paul doesn't have to be made ______ . He always works hard.
A．learn B．to learn
C．learned D．learning
【答案】B
【解析】沒(méi)有必要督促保羅念書(shū)。他一直是很用功的。make sb.do意思為"迫使某人做"。該句是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，不定式learn作主語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)，應加上to。
5．We agreed ______ here ,but so far she hasn't turned up yet.
A．having met B．meeting
C．to meet D．to have met
【答案】C
【解析】我們約定在這兒見(jiàn)面，但她到現在還沒(méi)來(lái)。動(dòng)詞agree只接不定式作賓語(yǔ)，不可以接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。所以答案在C和D中選擇。不定式一般式 to meet表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在 agree之后或與 agree同時(shí)發(fā)生，而完成式 to have met則表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在agree之前，與題意不符，故答案為C。