一、冠詞
1、定冠詞the
（1)表示一家人
The Smith are very nice to their neighbors.
The Greens are preparing for the coming Thanksgiving Day.
(2)表示一類(lèi)人, 謂語(yǔ)用復數
The poor sometimes are even happier than the rich.
(3)表示確定的人或事
A. 雙方都知道的人或事
Would mind open the door?
Let’s go to the library
B. 后面有限定的，常常是定語(yǔ)從句。如：Is this the book you talked about yesterday?
(4)獨一無(wú)二的事物 the sun，the Great Wall. The earth runs around the sun.
(5)序數詞、最高級、西洋樂(lè )器前
序數詞。試比較：
A. He got the first prize in the maths competition. (用the，前面無(wú)my， his等形容詞性物主代詞修飾）
B. I got my first birthday gift at the age of ten. (不用the，前面有形容詞性物主代詞修飾）
最高級同理，如：
A. I try my best to win the first prize.
B I’m the best.
西洋樂(lè )器前面
John loves playing the guitar.
Tom loves play football.
2、不定冠詞 a/an
用于可數名詞前，表示一個(gè)或一類(lèi)人或事。
A. I ate an apple this morning
B.Tom bought a toy car for his son.
C. A plane is a machine that can fly. (常用來(lái)表示定義）
以元音開(kāi)頭的字母（非元音字母a, e,i,o,u, 如 an “s”，而不是a “s”)用an. 原理是兩個(gè)元音連在一起發(fā)音有些不便，因此加個(gè)輔音”n“隔開(kāi)。
總結：a/an 與 the 分別對應漢語(yǔ)中的“一+量詞（個(gè)、本、張...）”、“這/那+量詞”
翻譯出“一....”的概念的，通常 a/an
沒(méi)有翻譯出“一...”的概念的，通常不用a/an，而用 the 或不用冠詞。
如： I saw a cat on the floor. 我看見(jiàn)地板上有一只貓。
What a nice day! 多么美好的一天��！
A： Did you see a boy around? 你看見(jiàn)附近有一個(gè)男孩嗎？
B： You mean the one with a hat？ 你指的是帶著(zhù)一頂帽子的那個(gè)嗎？
Tom usually goes to school by bus. Tom 通常做公交車(chē)去上學(xué)。
這里沒(méi)說(shuō)坐一輛公交車(chē)，故不能用a/an，同時(shí)也沒(méi)特指，所以也不用the，屬于零冠詞。注：play the piano 屬于固定搭配，可以單獨記憶。
知識延伸：（1）a/an 與 the 的轉化
如：He gets up at six in the morning. 他早上六點(diǎn)起床。
He returned home on a cold winter morning. 他在一個(gè)寒冷的冬天的早上回到家。
（2）零冠詞與a/an的轉化
He called his parents on Friday. 他星期五給他父母打了電話(huà)。
He called his parents on a sunny warm Friday. 他在一個(gè)晴朗溫暖的星期五給他父母打了電話(huà)。
二、代詞
1、不定代詞
對應中文的“一些、很少、很多、幾乎沒(méi)有、沒(méi)有、某個(gè)人、某件事、每個(gè)人、所有的...用來(lái)表示一個(gè)不確定的數量。
（1)few, little 均表示幾乎沒(méi)有，其中few修飾可數名詞，little修飾不可數名詞（否定語(yǔ)氣）
A few 跟 a little 表示有幾個(gè)、有一些，分別修飾可數、不可數名詞，肯定語(yǔ)氣。
如：Tom has few friends. 湯姆幾乎沒(méi)有什么朋友。
Few of us can speak French. 我們當中很少有人會(huì )說(shuō)法語(yǔ)。
This is little milk in the fridge and we need to call the milkman. 冰箱里沒(méi)什么牛奶了，我們需要打電話(huà)給送牛奶的人。
There is still a little milk in the fridge. 冰箱里還有一點(diǎn)牛奶。
There are only a few students in the classroom. 教室里只有幾個(gè)學(xué)生。
知識延伸：
A. 含有few，little的反意疑問(wèn)句中，后半部分用肯定形式。
如：Tom has few friends, does he?
There is little milk in the fridge, is there?
B. a little 也可用作副詞，表示“有點(diǎn)，稍微”
如：I’m a little tired. 我有點(diǎn)累了。
She is a little hungry. 她有點(diǎn)餓了。
（2）some，any 表示一些，修飾可數或不可數名詞。其中some常用于肯定句中，any多用于疑問(wèn)句、否定句中。
如：I have some old books. 我有一些舊書(shū)
I don’t have any old books? 我沒(méi)有任何舊書(shū)。
Do you have any old books? 你有一些舊書(shū)嗎？
I’m thirsty, and I want to have some water. 我很渴，我想喝點(diǎn)水。
知識延伸：
A. 由some, any 衍生出來(lái)的詞 something, anything，somebody, anybody，someone，any用法基本同上。
如：I’m hungry and I want something to eat.
It’s dark here. I can’t see anything.
B. some/something 可用于疑問(wèn)句中，表示征詢(xún)對方意見(jiàn)的意思；any/anything 用于肯定句中，表示任何的意思。
如：Would you like something to drink? 你想要喝點(diǎn)什么嗎？
Can you give me some advice? 你能給我一些建議嗎？
Anything is possible. 一切皆有可能。
He is taller than any boys in his class. 他比他班上任何一個(gè)男生都要高。
C. 當句中something, anything 有形容詞修飾時(shí)，形容詞需后置，如 something new
例句：I hate eating potatoes everyday. I want to have something new today.
Do you have anything interesting to tell us.
知識銜接：類(lèi)似的表達還有 形容詞+enough 如 strong enough（足夠強，enough 后置）
例句： He is old enough to go to school.
She is not strong enough to move the box.
（3）all ，both；none，neither; either
All 表示三者或三者以上都...對應的否定形式為 neither
Both 表示兩者都，對應的否定形式為neither。
如： All of us love listening to music. 我們所有人都喜歡聽(tīng)音樂(lè )。（三人或三人以上）
（否定）None of us loves listening to music. 我們所有人都不喜歡聽(tīng)音樂(lè )。
Both Tom and John are from America. 湯姆和約翰都來(lái)自美國。（兩人）
（否定）Neither Tom nor John is from America. 湯姆和約翰都不是來(lái)自美國。
either 表示 “兩者中任何一個(gè)”；“either...or...”表示“要么...要么...”
如：---Which do you prefer, tea or coffee. 茶跟咖啡你要喝哪一個(gè)？
---Either is OK. I don’t mind. 哪個(gè)都行，我不介意。
Either you or I am going to the meeting. 要么你去參加這個(gè)會(huì )議，要么我去。
知識延伸：
all 的否定形式有兩種 加“not”表示的是部分否定，none 表示的是全部否定。
如： All of us don’t like listening to music. 不是我們所有人都喜歡聽(tīng)音樂(lè )（有一部分人喜歡，一部分人不喜歡）
None of us like（s）listening to music. 我們所有人都不喜歡聽(tīng)音樂(lè )（完全否定）
含有neither...nor... either...or...句子，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復數要根據最靠近它的名詞而定。
如：Either you or I am going to the meeting.
(4)other 表示“其他的”形容詞性
如：Tom is not here. You can ask other students. 湯姆不在這里，你可以問(wèn)其他的學(xué)生。
any other 表示任何其他的一個(gè)
He is taller than any other boys in his class. 他比他班上其他任何男生都高。
others 表示“其他的人”
如：We should help others. 我們應該幫助他人。
the other
一個(gè)，另一個(gè)（兩個(gè)）
如：I have two brothers. One is 7 years old and the other is 5 years old.
表示“剩余其他的”
Where have the other students gone? 其他的學(xué)生去哪兒了？
the others+the other +前面提到的復數名詞
如：He is clever than the others in his class.
another
三個(gè)或以上中的另一個(gè)
如：This skirt is too big. Can you show me another one?
固定用法 another+數詞/few +復數名詞 表示另外的、額外的
如：I need another three hours to finish my homework.
2、人稱(chēng)代詞
（1）主格 I, you, he, she, we, they, it (做主語(yǔ)）
如：I/She/He...want(s) to see a film.
（2）賓格 me, you, him, her, us, them, it(做賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)）
及物動(dòng)詞后
We don’t like him because he is very strict.
I asked him a question.
介詞后面
It’s good for us to do exercise everyday.
I haven’t heard from her since 1997.
Be 動(dòng)詞之后做表語(yǔ)
-----Who is there?
------It’s me, Jack.
3、物主代詞
（1）形容詞性：my your his her our their its, 放在名詞前。
（2）名詞性： mine yours his hers ours theirs its 代替前面提到的名詞
如： This is my book. It ’s not yours .
This is not my pen. Mine is red. 這不是我的筆，我的筆是紅色的。 （mine=my pen)
4、反身代詞
myself , yourself/yourselves himself, herself, ourselves, themselves itself
表示我自己、他自己、他們自己、我們自己，常見(jiàn)的固定短語(yǔ)有“
enjoy oneself(玩得開(kāi)心） by oneself（獨自） help oneself(to) 隨便吃...
如：We really enjoyed ourselves last night. 昨晚我們玩得很開(kāi)心。
He did his homework all by himself. 他的家庭作業(yè)都是自己獨立完成的。
Help yourself to the dishes. 隨便吃點(diǎn)魚(yú)。
三、名詞
重要考點(diǎn)
（1）名詞復數不規則變化: 各國人的單復數
�？迹篎renchman---Frenchmen， German----Germans，
Englishman---Englishmen, American---Americans
如：There are five foreign students in our class. Three are Frenchmen, and two are Germans.
（2）所有格 名詞+’s，如 Tom‘s book， 表示所屬關(guān)系。
如：Lily’s father is a doctor.
Tom’s house is near a lake.
知識延伸：
組合名詞的復數形式
A. 一般加在最后一個(gè)名詞上
如：There are 24 boy students and 25 girl students in our class.
I saw two policemen in the street this morning.
B. 特殊情況：前半部分是man/woman，將兩部分變成復數。
如：Two women doctors were injured in the accident.
A group of men scientists are working on this project.
名詞所有格中出現兩個(gè)或以上名詞時(shí)：
A. 表示各自關(guān)系時(shí)，各名詞末尾均加“s”
B. 表示共有關(guān)系時(shí)，只在末尾名詞加“s”
如：Tom’s and Lily’s fathers are teachers. (兩人的父親不是同一個(gè)人）
Tom and Lily’s father is a teacher. （兩人的父親是同一個(gè)人）
考點(diǎn)解析：此知識點(diǎn)主要考察主謂一致，解題時(shí)可以通過(guò)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復數判斷前面名詞的關(guān)系，一般情況下，若為復數，則為各自關(guān)系；若為單數，則為共有關(guān)系。同樣地，也可以根據前面名詞的關(guān)系，判斷后面謂語(yǔ)的單復數。
四、數詞
1、基數詞
(1) 用“百”、“千”修飾名詞的情況
A. hundreds of; thousands of 數百的；數千的
前面不能有數詞修飾，如不能寫(xiě)成： four hundreds of students
B. 數詞+hundred/thousand +名詞復數：four hundred students
例句： Thousands of people lost their homes after the earthquake.
Hundreds of students took part in the sports meeting this year.
There are five hundred students in our school.
This temple was built hundreds of years ago.
知識延伸：
Hundreds of thousands of 表示成千上萬(wàn)的。
如：Hundreds of thousands of people gathered in the square to celebrate the new year.
成千上萬(wàn)的人聚集在廣場(chǎng)上慶祝新年。
2、序數詞
表示“第...”的概念：first 第一 second 第二 third 第三；其他均在末尾加“Th”
但有幾個(gè)例外，如： fifth 第五； ninth 第九；eighth 第八； twelfth 第十二
例句：He lives in the second floor. 他住在第二樓。
Mary won the second place in the competition. 瑪麗在比賽中獲得了第二名。
知識銜接：序數詞前無(wú)物主代詞修飾時(shí)要用定冠詞“the”
3、分數
形式：分子基數詞+分母序數詞，分子超過(guò)1，分母加“s“。
如：two thirds 2/3 one fifth 1/5
例句：Two fifths of the students are boys.
Three thirds of this area is countryside. 這個(gè)地區的三分之二是鄉村。
注：句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復數要根據分數后面的名詞而定，可數則用復數，不可數則用單數。
知識延伸：
A. 1/4 屬于特殊的分數，多寫(xiě)作 one quarter， 如 3/4 為three quarters
B. 1/2 寫(xiě)作 half， 一個(gè)半小時(shí) 寫(xiě)作：one hour and a half 或 one and a half hours.
五、時(shí)態(tài)
中考涉及的常用時(shí)態(tài)有6種：一般現在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)；現在進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)；現在完成時(shí)，一般將來(lái)時(shí)；其中重點(diǎn)考察過(guò)去進(jìn)行、現在完成時(shí)態(tài)。
1、一般現在時(shí)
表示一般性、經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作，標志性副詞有：everyday，usually， sometimes，everyday morning等。
He exercises everyday to keep fit. 他每天鍛煉身體來(lái)保持健康。
Jimmy usually goes to school by bike. 吉米通常騎自行車(chē)去學(xué)校。
表示恒定不變的規律，如
The earth runes around the sun.
Light travels faster than sound.
2、一般過(guò)去時(shí)
表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，標志性副詞有：yesterday，last year， in 1997， three days ago 等明確表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的詞。
I lost my bag yesterday.
Tim was born in 1997.
A car accident took place in the street three hours ago.
3、現在進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示現在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，基本結構為：is/am/are +V-ING，標志性詞語(yǔ)有：now, at the moment.
I’m doing my homework now.
He is watching TV at the moment.
表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，多見(jiàn)于come， leave，run 等方向性動(dòng)詞，如
The bus is coming! 車(chē)來(lái)了
I’m leaving tomorrow! 我明天就要走了
4、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
A. 表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
如：-----I called you last night, but there was no answer.
-----Sorry, I was playing football with my friends outside.
(當他打電話(huà)時(shí)，“我”正在外面跟朋友踢足球）
B. 主句是過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，從句是when/while 引導的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
I was having dinner with my parents when the light went out.
電燈熄滅時(shí)，我正和爸媽在吃晚餐
I was watching TV when the bell rang.
門(mén)鈴響時(shí)，我正在看電視。
特殊情況下，也可以是主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句是過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
如：He fell asleep when he was reading his newspaper.
5、現在完成時(shí)
A. 過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作持續到現在，標志性詞語(yǔ)：for，since, so far, in the past...years/months
I‘a(chǎn)ve studied English for five years. 我學(xué)英語(yǔ)5年了（現在還在學(xué)）
We’ave known each other since we were nine or ten. 我們九到十歲時(shí)就已經(jīng)相識。
We’ave learn over 3,000 English words so far. 到目前為止，我們學(xué)了3000多個(gè)單詞。
Great changes have taken place in China in the past 30 years. 在過(guò)去的30年間，中國發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。
B. 過(guò)去發(fā)生的事，但對現在仍有影響，標志性詞：already，yet（already 對應的否定句，常置于句末）never，ever，before， just.
I’ave already finished my homework. 我已經(jīng)完成了家庭作業(yè)
I haven’t finished my homework yet. 我的家庭作業(yè)還沒(méi)做完
I have never been to America. 我從來(lái)沒(méi)去過(guò)美國。
I‘a(chǎn)ve just finished my homework. Now I can go out to play football with my friend.
我剛做完了家庭作業(yè)，現在我可以跟朋友出去踢足球了。
Julia has never seen an elephant before. 茱莉亞以前從來(lái)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)大象。
6、一般將來(lái)時(shí)
A. 表示很快要發(fā)生或打算去做的事： be going to +動(dòng)詞原形
It’s going to rain. Let’s hurry up. 天馬上要下雨了，我們快點(diǎn)走吧
I’m going to visit my uncle this weekend. 這個(gè)周末我打算去看望我的叔叔。
I‘m going to buy a new bike. The old one was broken. 我的舊單車(chē)壞了，我打算買(mǎi)一輛新的。
B. 表示在將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間會(huì )發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，標志性詞: tomorrow, in the future, in three days, next year/month/week, some day, one day.
I’ll have an exam tomorrow. 明天我有場(chǎng)考試。
The famous singer, Jay Chou, will come to our city next week. 著(zhù)名歌手周杰倫下周將會(huì )來(lái)我們的城市。
All my dreams will come true one day. 總有一天，我所有的夢(mèng)想都會(huì )實(shí)現。
知識延伸：
在“if， as long as”引導的條件狀語(yǔ)從句以及“when, while, before as soon as”等引導的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句中用一般現在時(shí)代替。
I won’t come if it rains tomorrow. 如果明天下雨，我就不來(lái)了。
I will call you as soon as I get there. 我一到那里就會(huì )打電話(huà)給你。
As long as you don’t give up, your dream will come true. 只要你不放棄，你的夢(mèng)想就會(huì )實(shí)現
I will send you a letter when I get there. 當我到達那里時(shí)，我會(huì )給你寄封信
I will have everything prepared before i leave. 在我離開(kāi)之前， 我會(huì )把一切都準備好。
誤區整理：注意區分賓語(yǔ)從句中的”if“跟”when”
如：----I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow.
----If it rains, I will stay at home.
-----Do you know when he will come tomorrow?
-----No,when he comes, I will let you know.
短暫性動(dòng)作如come， go，marry，leave，die等在現在完成時(shí)中不能同“for，since”表示的一段時(shí)間短語(yǔ)連用，需要轉化成相應的持續性動(dòng)作。
如：（1)She has married for three years. ×
She has been married for three years. (將短暫性動(dòng)作化成持續性狀態(tài)）√
(2) Mr. Lee has come to China for thirty years. ×
Mr. Lee has been in China for thirty years. √
have been to 跟 have gone to 的區別。
“have been to”指去過(guò)某地，但現在已經(jīng)回來(lái)了；“have gone to”指在去某地的路上，現在還沒(méi)回來(lái)。試比較：
---Have you been to Australia?
---Yes, I went there last summer. （去年夏天去過(guò)澳大利亞，現在已經(jīng)回來(lái)了）
---May I speak to Mr. D win？
---Sorry, Mr. D win has gone to China. He will be back next Monday. (現在還沒(méi)回）
六、形容詞、副詞
解析：英語(yǔ)形容詞對應漢語(yǔ)中的“...的”，如：漂亮的、高大的，友好的；副詞對應漢語(yǔ)中的”...地“，如”慢慢地，悄悄地“。跟中文習慣相同，形容詞一般位于名詞前或者系動(dòng)詞之后做表語(yǔ)。副詞一般位于動(dòng)詞之后（及物動(dòng)詞的，位于動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)之后）。
（1）比較級，兩者之間的比較。 A比B... A is ...er than B
最高級 三個(gè)或以上的比較
形式：形容詞副詞后+er/Ier(輔音字母+y結尾）；est/est
more+形容詞/副詞； the most+形容詞、副詞
不規則的，需單獨記憶
例：tall---taller---tallest strong---stronger---strongest
fast---faster----fastest easy---easier---easiest
beautiful---more beautiful---the most beautiful
good---better---the best bad---worse---worst
例句; He is taller than me.
He is the tallest in his class.
This skirt looks more beautiful than that one.
Tom did a better job than Jerry.
Robertson runs faster than any other boys in his class.
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.
知識延伸：
比較級前面可以加序數詞、或”much, a little, even, far”等修飾，表示“第幾..“”...得多，遠遠...“等意思。
The Yellow River is the second largest river in China. 黃河是中國第二長(cháng)河。
His English is even worse than mine. 他的英語(yǔ)甚至比我的還要差。
Wyoming is much taller than Gunslinging. 姚明比郭敬明要高得多。
His French is a little better than mine.( than me ×) 他的法語(yǔ)比我好一點(diǎn)。
知識鏈接：序數詞與定冠詞的搭配使用；不定代詞與名詞性物主代詞的使用。
表示A跟B一樣...可用”...as ... as...“中間的形容詞副詞用原級。
He is as tall as me. 他跟我一樣高
He speaks English as well as me. 他英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得跟我一樣好。
附：表否定，形式如下（第一個(gè)as改成so）
He is not so tall as me. 他不比我高
He speaks English not so well as me. 他英語(yǔ)不比我說(shuō)得好。
（2）形容詞的-ING跟-ed形式
-ING 表示”令人...“，一般形容事物；
-ed 表示“感到...”，一般形容人。
如：The film is boring. I’m bored.
I’m surprised by the surprising news.
You look tired. What happened?
Mr. Wang’s class is very interesting.
七、介詞
�？贾R點(diǎn)：地點(diǎn)、方位介詞、時(shí)間介詞、方式介詞
(1) at, in, on
at 表示 某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)或小的地方
He was at home last night. (at home 在家）
He usually gets up at six o’clock in the morning. (表時(shí)間點(diǎn)）
Tom awns’t at school today. He was ill.
in 表示大的地點(diǎn)或一段時(shí)間
Chairman Mao was born in 1897. (年份）
Gao takes place in June every year. (月份）
You can see many flowers in spring. (季節）
It’s usually hot in the afternoon in summer. (一段具體的時(shí)間）
More and more foreigners are studying in China. (國家）
There will be a big festival in Shanghai next month. (城市）
（2）方位的（可結合地圖進(jìn)行理解記憶）
between ，opposite， in front of， next to， near， behind..
The post office is between the bookstore and the supermarket. 郵局在書(shū)店跟超市中間。
The hotel is opposite the park. 酒店在公園的對面。
There is a car in front of the classroom 教室前面有一輛車(chē)
知識延伸： in front of 跟 in the front of 的區別，前者表示在某個(gè)范圍以外的前面，后者 表示在某個(gè)范圍以?xún)鹊那懊妗?/p>
如：The blackboard is in the front of the classroom. 黑板在教室前面。（黑板位于教室內部）
There is a tree in front of the classroom. 教室前面有棵樹(shù)。（樹(shù)長(cháng)在教室的外面）
between 跟 among 的區別
between 表示兩者之間 如：between you and me
among 表示三者或以上之間 Among all the singers, I love Jay Chou best.
（3）表“方式”，意思為“用....”
by+交通工具
I go to school by bus.
Mrs. Green traveled to London by plane.
in+語(yǔ)言
What’s this in English.
Can you say it in Chinese?
with +具體的工具
He opened the door with a key.
In the western restaurant, people usually use a knife.
八、連詞
1、并列連詞：and，or，but，so；not only...but also; both...and; neither...nor; either...or
He study very hard and he is never late for class. (關(guān)系平等的兩個(gè)句子）
Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? (or 用于疑問(wèn)句中，表選擇）
My family are not rich, but we are happy. (but,但是，表轉折）
Judy was ill, so she could’t come to school today. (表因果）
Not only Jack but also Johnson is going to to party.
知識延伸：
祈使句，and/or....
Don’t give up, and your dream will come true one day. 不要放棄，總有一天你的夢(mèng)想會(huì )實(shí)現。
=If you don’t give up, your dream will come true one day.
Study hard, or you will fail in the exam. 努力學(xué)習，否則你將會(huì )考試不及格。
=If you don’t study hard, you will fail in the exam.
2、從屬連詞
A. 表如果：if it does’t rains tomorrow, we will have a picnic.
If you study hard, you will get high scores.
知識鏈接：條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，從句用一般現在時(shí)代替簡(jiǎn)單將來(lái)時(shí)。
知識延伸：If 還可以表“是否”，意思跟whether 一樣，如：
I don’t know whether he will come. 我不知道他是否會(huì )來(lái)。
I’m not sure if it is true. 我不知道它否正確。
注：這種情況下通常表示不確定的意義。當從句中含有“...or not”時(shí)，只能用whether，不能用”if“，如：
We don’t know whether he will come or not. (不能用 if）
We are not sure whether it is true or not.
B. 表原因 because，since，as
----Why are you late？
----Because I missed the bus.
Since everybody is here, let’s begin. (=now that 既然）
As it was late, I had to go. 由于太晚了，我必須得走了。
C. 表讓步 though, although 盡管
Although it’s snowy, he goes to school as usual. 盡管下著(zhù)雪，他還是像往常一樣去上學(xué)。
Although he is poor, he is very happy. 盡管他很窮，但他很幸福。
D. so...that... Such...that... 如此...以至于...
The box is so heavy that no one can move it. 這箱子太重了，以至于沒(méi)人能夠移動(dòng)它。
She eats so much that she becomes very fat.
She is such a lovely girl that everyone likes her.
知識延伸：so...that...與“too...to..”或“enough...to..”的句型轉化
He is so old that he even can’t walk.
=He is too old to walk.
He is so strong that he can carry the heavy box.
=He is strong enough to carry the heavy box.
九、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
（1）can ，could（can的過(guò)去式）
A. 表能力， 會(huì )，可以
I can swim. / I can play the guitar.
Mary could play the piano when she was ten.
B. 表推測，只能是否能形式。
---I saw Tom just now.
---It can’t be him. He is on holiday with his parents.
（2）may，might 可能
A. 表請求準許
May I come in? 我可以進(jìn)來(lái)嗎？
May I watch TV? 我可以看電視嗎？
否定回答時(shí)，用“munts’t”, 表示禁止，不允許，如：
----May I smoke here?
----No, you munts’t.
B. 表推測
He may/might come tomorrow. 他明天可能回來(lái).
He may/might know about this. 他可能知道這件事。
注：might 表示的可能性比”may“小。
(3) need 需要
作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中，如：
----Need I finish my homework by Friday? 我需要在周五之前完成作業(yè)嗎？
----Yes, you must./ No, you Needles’t
You Needles’t come so early. The meeting begins at 9:00. 你沒(méi)必要來(lái)這么早，會(huì )議9點(diǎn) 才開(kāi)始。
注：回答時(shí)，肯定回答用”must“，表示”必須“；否定回答用”Needles’t”表示“沒(méi)必要”。
（4）must 必須，一定
A. 表必須。
I must go now. 我必須現在離開(kāi)。
Everyone must arrive on time. 每個(gè)人都必須按時(shí)趕到
回答時(shí)，肯定回答用“must”，否定回答用“Needles’t”，如：
----Must I stay in bed all day?
----Yes, you must./ No, you Needles’t.
B. 表推測：一定，肯定
The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 路面很潮濕，昨晚肯定下過(guò)雨。
The light is on. He must be at home now. 燈還亮著(zhù)，他一定在家。
注：表示不可能時(shí)，用“can‘t”，而不用”munts’t”。
十、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
表示“被”的含義，如：
The police caught him. 警察抓到了他。（主動(dòng)）
He was caught by the police. 他們警察抓住了。（被動(dòng)）
知識延伸：
（1）在一些動(dòng)詞如“make, see,hear”的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，主動(dòng)句中省略的”to“，被動(dòng)句中需要還原，如：
His boss made him work ten hours a day. 他的老板讓他每天工作10小時(shí)。（to 省略了）
He was made to work ten hours a day by his boss. (to 需要補充出來(lái)）
I saw him read a book in the classroom.
He was seen to read a book in the classroom..
(2) 不確定動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者是誰(shuí)時(shí)，一般用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
The bridge was built hundreds of years ago. (不知道是誰(shuí)建造的）
My bike was stolen last night. (不知道是誰(shuí)偷的）
（3）固定句型”It is...that...“
It is said that he dropped out of school at the age of ten. 據說(shuō)他十歲的時(shí)候輟學(xué)了。
=He is said to have dropped out of school at the age of ten. (to后面用完成時(shí)）
It is reported that five passengers were killed in the accident. 據報道，5名乘客在這次事故中喪生。
=Five passengers were reported to have been killed in the accident.
(4) 不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，切記��！
An accident was happened last night. ×(append 為不及物動(dòng)詞）
Great changes have been taken place in the city. ×(take place 為不及物動(dòng)詞）
十一、主謂一致
1、就近原則：either...or; neither...nor; not only...but also; there be 句型
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復數由最靠近它的一個(gè)主語(yǔ)決定。
如：Either I or him is in class 1.
Not only you but also I am shocked by the news.
There is a banana and two apples on the table.
知識鏈接：不定代詞的意義及用法。
2、語(yǔ)法一致的原則
基本原則：?jiǎn)螖抵髡Z(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用單數；復數主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用復數。
（1）and 或 both...and，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復數，如：
Tom and Jim are good friends.
Both Tom and Jim are good at sports.
(2)句中有”with, along with, together with, as well as, except”等詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復數 由前面的主語(yǔ)決定。
如：The teacher with his students is going to the museum.
Mr. Green, along with his three children, are going to America next week.
All the class, except Tom, were at the meeting yesterday.
注：這些詞只是對主語(yǔ)起到一個(gè)補充說(shuō)明、插入的作用，并不能對謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復 數造成影響。
3、意義一致的原則
主要是看是否將主語(yǔ)當成一個(gè)整體來(lái)看，如
Twenty miles is a long way to go. (20英里整體來(lái)看是一段很長(cháng)的路程，故用單數）
My family is a big one. 我的家庭很大（整體來(lái)說(shuō)的）
My family are having dinner. 強調每個(gè)家庭成員的動(dòng)作，故用復數。
十二、感官動(dòng)詞
五官：look，feel，taste，smell，sound，后面直接+adj, 表示”看起來(lái)，感覺(jué)起來(lái)，嘗起來(lái)，聞起來(lái)，聽(tīng)起來(lái)...“的意思，如：
Wow！Look at the picture. It looks so beautiful! 看起來(lái)很漂亮
I love the soup. It tastes so good. 嘗起來(lái)很好。
The flowers you sent me smells sweet. 聞起來(lái)很香
I bought a new dress this afternoon. It feels comfortable. 感覺(jué)起來(lái)很舒服。
----How about going fishing this afternoon？
----Sounds great!(=Good idea!) 聽(tīng)起來(lái)很棒
知識延伸：
感官動(dòng)詞+like+名詞，意思為...起來(lái)像...,如：
That sounds like a good idea! 那聽(tīng)起來(lái)像個(gè)好主意。
The mountain looks like an elephant. 這座山看起來(lái)像一頭大象。
This T-shirt feels like silk. 這件T恤摸起來(lái)像絲綢。
附注：feel like 還有一層意思，表示“想要...”
如： I don’t feel like eating anything 我不想吃任何東西。
I feel like a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。
The food in the restaurant is disgusting. It smells like dead fish.
十三、固定短語(yǔ)
中考�？嫉墓潭ǘ陶Z(yǔ)有以下一些：
1、give的短語(yǔ)
（1） Give up 放棄（及物或不及物）
Don’t give up. You can do it. 不要放棄，你能行的。（不及物）
He finally decided to give up smoking. 他最終決定戒煙了。
放棄某個(gè)人，用 give up on sb.
Come on! We will never give up on you. 加油，我們永遠不會(huì )放棄你！
當賓語(yǔ)是it是，it 位于短語(yǔ)中間，如：
He has been smoking for 20 years. It’s very hard for him to give it up.
(2) give off 散發(fā)出（氣味、熱量等）
The flowers give off a sweet smell.
Rotten eggs give off a bad smell. 腐爛的雞蛋散發(fā)出一股難聞的氣味。
（3）give out 公布、分發(fā)
He would’t give out any information. 他不愿透露任何信息。
（4）give away 贈送，泄露
Brad gives all his old toys away to the poor children. 布萊德把他所有的舊玩具送給了 貧窮的孩子。
Don’t give away the secret. 不要泄露這項機密。
2、put 的短語(yǔ)
(1)put up 張貼，舉起
Tom, please put up the pictures on the wall. 湯姆，請把照片貼到墻上。
Put up your hand,please.
(2) Put off 延遲，推遲,脫掉（衣、帽等）
The meeting was put off because of the heavy rain.
Please put off your shoes before you enter this room
(3)put out 撲滅，熄滅（火、煙頭等）
The fire was put out before the police arrived. 在警察到來(lái)之前，火就已經(jīng)被撲滅了。
He put out the cigarette and went out the room. 他滅掉煙頭，走出了房間。
（4）put away
Put away your shoes. They‘re too dirty. 把你的鞋子收起來(lái)，它太臟了。
All the books must be put away during the exam. 考試中所有書(shū)籍都要收起來(lái)。
3、turn 的短語(yǔ)
(1)Turn up （聲音）調高；出現
Could you please turn up the radio. I can’t hear it.
延伸：He promised to come to my birthday party, but he did’t turn up. 他答應要來(lái)我的生日晚會(huì )，結果卻沒(méi)出現。
（2）turn down （音量）調��；拒絕
Can you turn down the radio. It’s too noisy. 你能把收音機調小嗎？它太吵了。
延伸：He gave me an offer, but I turn it down. 我拒絕了他提供的幫助。
（3）turn on 打開(kāi)
Turn on the TV, please. I want to see the football match.
Turn on the lights,please. It’s too dark here.
（4）turn off 關(guān)閉
Tom turned off the TV and went to bed.
We should turn off the lights when we leave the room.
4、Look 的短語(yǔ)
（1）look up 查找，向上看
If you see a new word, you can look it up in the dictionary.
He looked up at the window and saw nothing.
(2)look after 照顧
She is too busy to look after her son.
Mary asked me to look after her pet dog when she was away.
(3) look into 調查
The police are looking into the case. 警方正在調查這起案件。
I’ll look into the matter later. 我稍后再研究這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
（4）look forward to(doing/n）期待，盼望
I’m looking forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望很快能見(jiàn)到你。
I‘m looking forward to your letter. 我期待你的來(lái)信。
十四、情景對話(huà)
1、接聽(tīng)電話(huà)
----May I speak to Mary please?
----Speaking/ This is Mary speaking
----Hold on please. I’ll go and get her. 請稍等一下，我去叫一下她。
----Sorry, she is not here at the moment. Can I take message? 不好意思，她現在不在這里， 我可以幫你留言嗎？
2、聽(tīng)到好或不好的消息
聽(tīng)到好的消息時(shí)，表示祝賀，如：
----I won the first prize in the writing competition!
----Congratulations�。ü玻。�
聽(tīng)到不好的消息時(shí)，表示抱歉或遺憾。
----My mother was ill at bed. I have to look after her.
----(I’m) sorry to hear that.
3、當受到他人幫助、或贊美時(shí)，表示感謝，如：
----You look so beautiful today!
----Thanks/Thank you.
4、當別人心情沮喪、遇到困難、挫折時(shí)，鼓勵、幫助他人，如：
----I’m afraid that I can’t pass the exam this time.
----Cheer up! I’m sure you’ll make it.(振作起來(lái)，我相信你一定行的）
----I failed the exam yesterday. What should I do?
----Cheer up！You‘ll do better next time.
5、當別人提出道歉時(shí)
----I’m sorry that I lost your pen.
----That’s alright/It’s OK/It does’t matter. Forget it.
----I’m sorry to give you so much trouble.
----It does’t matter/ Never mind.
6.當別人提出建議、想法時(shí)
---Why not go out for dinner.
---(That’s a) good idea!
---Sounds great!
---How about going shopping this weekend.
---Sounds good,(but I have to study for the final exams)
---Would you mind opening the door?
---Of course not!/Certainly not! （當然不介意）
---Would you mind my smoking here?
---Yes, you’d better smoke outside./I’m afraid so. (表示介意，不同意對方的做法）
十五、反意疑問(wèn)句
基本特點(diǎn)：前肯后否，前否后肯，抓準助動(dòng)詞。
1、入門(mén)級別：
You like football, don’t you? 你喜歡足球，不是嗎?（前肯后否，助動(dòng)詞為do）
Tom is 5 years old, hisn’t he? 湯姆5歲了，不是嗎？（前肯后否，助動(dòng)詞為is）
He can’t swim, can he? 他不會(huì )游泳，是嗎？ （前否后肯，助動(dòng)詞為can）
Jimmy haen’t been to Beijing, has he? 吉米沒(méi)去過(guò)北京，是嗎？（前否后肯，助動(dòng)詞為has）
The story is interesting， hisn’t it? (主語(yǔ)為一個(gè)具體的名詞時(shí)，反問(wèn)部分主語(yǔ)用“it/them”代替。
2、漸進(jìn)級別：
反意疑問(wèn)句前半部分有“hardly，never，seldom，nothing，little，few，nobody”等否定詞時(shí)，后半部分用肯定形式，如：
He speaks little English, does he?
Nina has few friends, has she? (知識鏈接：不定代詞little，few用法）
He never eats onions, does he?
You seldom exercise, do you?
3、高級級別
當主語(yǔ)是this,that,these,those時(shí)，反意部分主語(yǔ)分別改為it, they; 當主語(yǔ)是 everybody，everyone，no one，nobody等指人的合成詞時(shí)，反意部分主語(yǔ)通常用he. 當主語(yǔ)是everything，something， anything，nothing等指物的合成詞時(shí)，反意部分主語(yǔ)用it.
This is his first time here, hisn’t it?
These are Sarah’s books, Daren’t they?
No one likes Germy, does he?
Nothing is more important than life, is it?
知識延伸：
（1）There be 句型的反意疑問(wèn)句。
There are two books on the desk, Daren’t there?
There is a pen and two bananas on the table, hisn’t there?
(2）祈使句的反意疑問(wèn)句：統一用will you？/won’t you.
Open the window, won’t you?
Don’t talk aloud in the reading room, will you?
(3)Let’s 句型跟Let us句型的反意疑問(wèn)句
Let’s have a rest, shall we?
Let us have a rest,will you?
詳解：Let’s縮寫(xiě)時(shí)是針對大家的意見(jiàn)，用“shall we？”，Let us 針對的是被詢(xún)問(wèn)的人，用“will you？”
十六、定語(yǔ)從句(狀語(yǔ)從句詳見(jiàn)連詞中的從屬連詞部分）
定語(yǔ)從句：相當于形容詞的功能，根據先行詞（被修飾的名詞或代詞）的不同，關(guān)系代詞有如下變化：
1、who/whom: 先行詞是人，who在從句中充當主語(yǔ)，whom充當賓語(yǔ)
He is the boy who got the first prize in the competition.
I saw an old man in the street who had no hair.
Is she the girl to whom you were talking?
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.
2、whose,that：先行詞是人或物，whose表示...的，如：
I know this girl whose mother is a nurse.
I bought a book whose cover was red.
He went into a shop that supplied food.
Ryan showed me a photo (that) he took in Casa.
3、which，先行詞是物
Last night, I watched a film which was made by Spielberg.
I found my computer which was stolen last night.
The book (which)I gave you was worth 10$.
知識延伸：
（1）當先行詞前有序數詞或形容詞最高級時(shí)，常用that，如：
This is the most beautiful lake (that )I’ave ever seen.
Thomas Edison was the first person that invented the lamp.
He is always the first one that arrives at school.
(2) 當先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，用that.
This is the photo of the boy and the house that I will never forget.
Mr. Thomas and his dog that I talked about last night were two characters from the book.
十七、賓語(yǔ)從句
從句在句子中充當賓語(yǔ)，主要有兩大類(lèi)：
（1）that 引導的賓語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中不充當任何成分。
He said that he wanted to have a car.
I’m sorry that I hurt you.
I’m sure that he will come.
(2)由 when，where,how, w